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a b c "Population and household estimates, England and Wales: Census 2021". ons.gov.uk. Office for National Statistics . Retrieved 15 October 2022. In the English Civil War, the majority of Londoners supported the Parliamentary cause. After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642, culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green, London was surrounded by a defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication. The lines were built by up to 20,000 people, and were completed in under two months. [66]

Summers are generally warm, sometimes hot. London's average July high is 23.5°C (74.3°F). On average each year, London experiences 31 days above 25°C (77.0°F) and 4.2 days above 30.0°C (86.0°F). During the 2003 European heat wave, prolonged heat led to hundreds of heat-related deaths. [155] A previous spell of 15 consecutive days above 32.2°C (90.0°F) in England in 1976 also caused many heat related deaths. [156] A previous temperature of 37.8°C (100.0°F) in August 1911 at the Greenwich station was later disregarded as non-standard. [157] Droughts can also, occasionally, be a problem, especially in summer, most recently in summer 2018, and with much drier than average conditions prevailing from May to December. [158] However, the most consecutive days without rain was 73 days in the spring of 1893. [159] Places within London's vast urban area are identified using area names, such as Mayfair, Southwark, Wembley, and Whitechapel. These are either informal designations, reflect the names of villages that have been absorbed by sprawl, or are superseded administrative units such as parishes or former boroughs. [171] The West End theatre district in 2016 Greater London encompasses a total area of 611 square miles (1,583km 2) an area which had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 11,760 inhabitants per square mile (4,542/km 2). The extended area known as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration, comprises a total area of 3,236 square miles (8,382km 2) has a population of 13,709,000 and a population density of 3,900 inhabitants per square mile (1,510/km 2). [144]Mills, David (2001). A Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford University Press. p.140. ISBN 9780192801067. OCLC 45406491. British History Timeline - Roman Britain". BBC. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 7 June 2008. Islington's 1 mile (1.6km) long Upper Street, extending northwards from Angel, has more bars and restaurants than any other street in the UK. [348] Europe's busiest shopping area is Oxford Street, a shopping street nearly 1 mile (1.6km) long, making it the longest shopping street in the UK. It is home to vast numbers of retailers and department stores, including Selfridges flagship store. [349] Knightsbridge, home to the equally renowned Harrods department store, lies to the south-west. Opened in 1760 with its flagship store on Regent Street since 1881, Hamleys is the oldest toy store in the world. [350] Madame Tussauds wax museum opened in Baker Street in 1835, an era viewed as being when London's tourism industry began. [351] Scene of the annual Notting Hill Carnival, 2014 Transport is one of the four main areas of policy administered by the Mayor of London, [271] but the mayor's financial control does not extend to the longer-distance rail network that enters London. In 2007 the Mayor of London assumed responsibility for some local lines, which now form the London Overground network, adding to the existing responsibility for the London Underground, trams and buses. The public transport network is administered by Transport for London (TfL). [109]

There is a slight chance that damage to buildings and homes could occur, with roofs blown off and power lines and trees brought down According to the Office for National Statistics, based on 2011 Census estimates, 59.8 per cent of the 8,173,941 inhabitants of London were White, with 44.9% White British, 2.2% White Irish, 0.1% gypsy/ Irish traveller and 12.1% classified as Other White. [202] Meanwhile, 20.9% of Londoners were of Asian or mixed-Asian descent, with 19.7% being of full Asian descents and 1.2% being of mixed-Asian heritage. Indians accounted for 6.6% of the population, followed by Pakistanis and Bangladeshis at 2.7% each. Chinese people accounted for 1.5%, and Arabs for 1.3%. A further 4.9% were classified as "Other Asian". [202] About Saint Paul's". Dean and Chapter St Paul's. 7 April 2008. Archived from the original on 7 April 2008 . Retrieved 25 March 2021. Schofield, John; Vince, Alan (2003). Medieval Towns: The Archaeology of British Towns in Their European Setting. Continuum International Publishing Group. p.26. ISBN 978-0-8264-6002-8. Despite the evidence of scattered Brythonic settlements in the area, the first major settlement was founded by the Romans around 47 AD, [2] about four years after their invasion of 43 AD. [41] This only lasted until about 61 AD, when the Iceni tribe led by Queen Boudica stormed it and burnt it to the ground. [42]

Stansted Airport, north-east of London in Essex, has flights that serve the greatest number of European destinations of any UK airport and is the main base of Ryanair, the world's largest international airline by number of international passengers. [276] Christopher Watson (1993). K.B. Wildey; Wm H. Robinson (eds.). Trends in urbanisation. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Urban Pests. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.522.7409. a b c "IOC elects London as the Host City of the Games of the XXX Olympiad in 2012" (Press release). International Olympic Committee. 6 July 2005. Archived from the original on 17 October 2011 . Retrieved 3 June 2006. The Port of London, once the largest in the world, is now only the second-largest in the United Kingdom, handling 45million tonnes of cargo each year as of 2009. [258] Most of this cargo passes through the Port of Tilbury, outside the boundary of Greater London. [258]

Fenton, Trevor. "Regional economic activity by gross domestic product, UK: 1998 to 2019, UK- Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk.a b White, Matthew. "The rise of cities in the 18th century". British Library . Retrieved 11 June 2022.